On-line papers may be in preprint rather than final form, resulting in possible discrepancies between the on-line and published versions of the papers. The published document is the definitive version of the paper.

Comment on "Size distribution of sea-salt emissions as a function of relative humidity" Lewis E. R. and Schwartz S. E. Atmos. Environ. 40, 588-590 (2006); doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.043

2005

2004

Modeling Atmospheric Sulfur over the Northern Hemisphere During the ACE-2 Experimental Period. Benkovitz C. M., Schwartz S.E., Jensen M.P., Miller M.A., Easter R.C. and Bates T.S. J. Geophys. Res. 109 (D22) Paper D22207; doi. 10.1029/2004JD004939 (2004).

Uncertainty requirements in radiative forcing of climate change. Schwartz S. E., J. Air Waste Management Assoc. 54, 1351-1359 (2004).

Progressive Aerosol Retrieval and Assimilation Global Observing Network (PARAGON): An Integrated Approach for Characterizing Aerosol Climatic and Environmental Interactions. Diner, D.J., T.P. Ackerman, T.L. Anderson, J. Bösenberg, A.J. Braverman, R.J. Charlson, W.D. Collins, R. Davies, B.N. Holben, C.A. Hostetler, R.A. Kahn, J.V. Martonchik, R.T. Menzies, M.A. Miller, J. Ogren, J.E. Penner, P.J. Rasch, S.E. Schwartz, J.H. Seinfeld, G.L. Stephens, O. Torres, L.D. Travis, B. Wielicki, and B. Yu, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 85, 1491-1501 (2004).

Scientific Objectives, Measurement Needs, and Challenges Motivating the PARAGON Aerosol Initiative. Seinfeld, J.H., R.A. Kahn, T.L. Anderson, R.J. Charlson, R. Davies, D.J. Diner, S.E. Schwartz, and B. Wielicki, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 85, 1503-1509 (2004).

Aerosols, Clouds, and Climate Change, Schwartz S. E. In Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols 2004. M. Kasahara and M. Kulmala, Eds., Kyoto Univ. Press. (2004); ISBN 4 87698 635 5; pp. 323-338.

2003

Effective Radius of Cloud Droplets by Ground-Based Remote Sensing: Relationship to Aerosol. Kim B.-G., Schwartz S. E., Miller M. A. and Min Q. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 4740; doi:10.1029/2003JD003721 (2003).

Tropospheric Aerosols. Buseck P. and Schwartz S. E. In Treatise on Geochemistry. H. D. Holland and K. K. Turekian, Exec. eds.; Vol. 4, The Atmosphere. R. F. Keeling, Ed., 2003; ISBN: 0-08-044339-7; pp. 91-142.

Evaluation of a Chemical Transport Model for Sulfate using ACE-2 Observations and Attribution of Sulfate Mixing Ratios to Source Regions and Formation Processes. Benkovitz C. M., Schwartz S. E. and Kim B.-G. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1641; doi:10.1029/2003GL016942 (2003).

Moment-based simulation of microphysical properties of sulfate aerosols in the eastern United States: Model description, evaluation and regional analysis. Yu S., Kasibhatla P. S., Wright D. L., Schwartz S. E., McGraw R. and Deng A. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4353; doi:10.1029/2002JD002890 (2003).

Tropospheric Aerosols. Heintzenberg J., Raes F., and Schwartz S. E. (lead authors). In Atmospheric Chemistry in a Changing World - An Integration and Synthesis of a Decade of Tropospheric Chemistry Research. Brasseur G., Prinn R. G., and Pszenny A. A. P., Eds., Springer, Berlin, 2003. pp. 125-156. ISBN: 3-540-43050-4.

Climate Forcing by Aerosols--A Hazy Picture. Anderson T. L., Charlson R. J., Schwartz, S. E., Knutti R., Boucher O., Rodhe H., and Heintzenberg J. Science 300, 1103-1104 (2003). Discussion reply. 302, 1680-1681 (2003)

Cloud Chemistry. Schwartz S. E. In Handbook of Weather, Climate, and Water, Potter T. D. and Colman B. R., Eds., Wiley, 2003, pp. 355. ISBN: 0-471-21489-2.

2002

Uncertainty in Climate Models. Schwartz, S. E. Science (Letter), 296 , 2139-2140 (2002).

Influence of anthropogenic aerosol on cloud optical depth and albedo shown by satellite measurements and chemical transport modeling. Schwartz S. E., Harshvardhan and Benkovitz C. M. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 99, 1784-1789 (2002).

This article is available on the PNAS reprint server. Unfortunately the figures in the PNAS pdf file are not of high quality. To download high quality figures as a pdf file click the "Figures" button.

Aerosol influence on cloud microphysics examined by satellite measurements and chemical transport modeling. Harshvardhan, Schwartz S. E., Benkovitz C. M. and Guo G. J. Atmos. Sci. 59, 714-725 (2002).

Retrieval of aerosol properties from moments of the particle size distribution for kernels involving the step function: Cloud droplet activation. Wright Jr., D. L., Yu, S., Kasibhatla, P. S., McGraw, R., Schwartz, S. E., Saxena, V. K., and Yue, G. K. J. Aerosol Sci. 33, 319-337 (2002).

2001

Description and evaluation of a six-moment aerosol microphysical module for use in atmospheric chemical transport models. Wright D. L., P. S. Kasibhatla, R. McGraw and S. E. Schwartz. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 20275-20291 (2001).

Dynamical influences on the distribution and loading of SO₂ and sulfate over North America, the North Atlantic and Europe in April 1987. Benkovitz C. M., Miller M. A., Schwartz S. E. and Kwon O-U. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2, doi:10.1029/2000GC000129 (2001).

Electronic publication includes animations; reprint, 5 Mbyte PDF file, contains static images only, no animations.

2000

A comparison of scavenging and deposition processes in global models: Results from the WCRP Cambridge Workshop of 1995. Rasch P.J., Feichter J., Law K., Mahowald N., Penner J., Benkovitz C., Genthon C., Giannakopoulos C., Kasibhatla P., Koch D., Levy H., Maki T., Prather M., Roberts D. L., Roelofs G.-J., Stevenson D., Stockwell Z., Taguchi S., Kritz M., Chipperfield M., Baldocchi D., McMurry P., Barrie L., Balkanski Y., Chatfield R., Kjellstrom E., Lawrence M., Lee H. N., Lelieveld J., Noone K. J., Seinfeld J., Stenchikov G., Schwartz S., Walcek C., Williamson D., Tellus 52B, 1025-1056 (2000).

Comparison of Model Estimated and Measured Diffuse Downward Surface Irradiance in Cloud-Free Skies. Halthore R. N. and Schwartz, S. E., J. Geophys. Res. 105, 20165-21077 (2000).

Absorbing Phenomena. Schwartz S. E., and Buseck P. R. Science 288, 989-990 (2000).

Six-moment representation of multiple aerosol populations in a sub-hemispheric chemical transformation model. D. L. Wright, R. McGraw, C. M. Benkovitz and S. E. Schwartz. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 967-970 (2000).

Comparison of aerosol optical depth inferred from surface measurements with that determined by sun photometry for cloud-free conditions at a continental U.S. site. Bergin, M. H., Schwartz, S. E., Halthore, R. N., Ogren, J. A., and Hlavka, D. L. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 6807-6816 (2000).

Sulfur Chemistry in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model: Description, Evaluation, Features and Sensitivity to Aqueous Chemistry. Barth M. C., Rasch P. J., Kiehl J. T., Benkovitz C. M., and Schwartz S. E. J. Geophys, Res. 105, 1387-1415 (2000). ( Large File Warning: Preprint, 14 M PDF file; Reprint, 10 M PDF file)

A description of the global sulfur cycle and its controlling processes in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model, Version 3. Rasch P. J., Barth M. C., Kiehl J. T., Schwartz S. E. and Benkovitz C. M. J. Geophys, Res. 105, 1367-1385 (2000). ( Large File Warning: Preprint, 1 M PDF file; Reprint, 7 M PDF file)

SELECTED OLDER PUBLICATIONS

1999

Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases. Ledley T. S., Sundquist E. T., Schwartz S. E., Hall D. K., Fellows J. D. and Killeen T. L. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 80, 453-458 (1999).

1998

Models Overestimate Diffuse Clear-Sky Surface Irradiance: A Case for Excess Atmospheric Absorption. Halthore R. N., Nemesure S., Schwartz S. E., Imre D. G., Berk A., Dutton E. G., and Bergin M. H., Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 3591-3594 (1998). (Reprint: 135K PDF file)

Intercomparison of models representing direct shortwave radiative forcing by sulfate aerosols. O. Boucher, S. E. Schwartz, T. P. Ackerman, T. L. Anderson, B. Bergstrom, B. Bonnel, P. Chylek, A. Dahlback, Y. Fouquart, Q. Fu, R. N. Halthore, J. M. Haywood, T. Iversen, S. Kato, S. Kinne, A. KirkevŒg, K. R. Knapp, A. Lacis, I. Laszlo, M. I. Mishchenko, S. Nemesure, V. Ramaswamy, D. L. Roberts, P. Russell, M. E. Schlesinger, G. L. Stephens, R. Wagener, M. Wang, J. Wong, and F. Yang. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 16979-16908 (1998). (Reprint: 3000K PDF file)

Properties and evolution of aerosols with size distributions having identical moments. McGraw, R., Nemesure, S., and Schwartz, S. E. J. Aerosol. Sci.29, 761-772 (1998). (Reprint: 2700K PDF file)

Apportionment of light scattering and hygroscopic growth to aerosol composition. McInnes, L. M., Bergin, M. H., Ogren, J. A., Schwartz, S. E. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 513-516 (1998). (Reprint: 600K PDF file)

1997

Comparison of Model Estimated and Measured Direct-Normal Solar Irradiance. Halthore R. N., Schwartz, S. E., Michalsky, J. J., Anderson, G. P., Ferrare R. A., Holben B. N., and ten Brink H. M. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 29991-30002 (1997). (Reprint: 500 kbyte PDF file)

Evaluation of Modeled Sulfate and SO₂ over North America and Europe for Four Seasonal Months in 1986-87. Benkovitz C. M. and Schwartz S. E. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 25305-25338 (1997). (Reprint: 6000K PDF file)

Evaporation of ammonium nitrate aerosol in a heated nephelometer: Implications for field measurements. Bergin, M. H, Ogren, J.A., Schwartz, S. E., and McInnes, L.M. Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 2878-2883 (1997).

Aerosol optical depth over oceans: High space and time resolution retrieval and error budget from satellite radiometry. Wagener, R., Nemesure, S., and Schwartz, S. E. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 14, 577-590 (1997). (Reprint: 300 K PDF file)

1996

The Whitehouse Effect--Shortwave radiative forcing of climate by anthropogenic aerosols: An overview. Schwartz, S. E. J. Aerosol. Sci. 27, 359-382 (1996). (Reprint: 1300K PDF file)

Uncertainty in climate change caused by aerosols. Schwartz, S. E. and Andreae, M. O. Science 272, 1121-1122 (1996). (Reprint: 350K PDF file)

Enhanced shortwave cloud radiative forcing due to anthropogenic aerosols. Schwartz S. E. and Slingo A. In Clouds, Chemistry and Climate--Proceedings of NATO Advanced Research Workshop. Crutzen P. and Ramanathan V., Eds. Springer, Heidelberg, 1996, pp. 191-236.

1995

Direct shortwave forcing of climate by anthropogenic sulfate aerosol: Sensitivity to particle size, composition, and relative humidity. Nemesure, S., Wagener, R., and Schwartz S. E. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 26105-26116 (1995).

Optical properties of atmospheric aerosols from moments of the particle size distribution. McGraw, R., Huang, P. and Schwartz, S. E., Geophys. Res. Lttrs. 22, 2929-2932 (1995).

Discussion: Laboratory study of NO₂ reaction with dispersed and bulk liquid water. Schwartz, S. E. and Lee, Y.-N. Atmos. Environ. 29, 2557-2559 (1995).

Climate response to radiative forcings by aerosols and greenhouse gases. Cox S. J., Wang W.-C. and Schwartz S. E., Geophys. Res. Lttrs. 22, 2509-2512 (1995).

Field observations in continental stratiform clouds: Partitioning of cloud particles between droplets and unactivated interstitial aerosols. Gillani, N. V., Schwartz, S. E., Leaitch, W. R., Strapp, J. W., and Isaac G. A. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 18687-18706 (1995).

Units for use in atmospheric chemistry. Schwartz, S. E. and Warneck, P. Pure Appl. Chem. 67, 1377-1406 (1995).

Connections between aerosol properties and forcing of climate. Schwartz S. E., Arnold F., Blanchet J.-P., Durkee P., Hofmann D. J., Hoppel W., King M. D., Lacis A., Nakajima T., Ogren J. A., Toon O. B., and Wendisch M. In Aerosol Forcing of Climate. Charlson R. J. and Heintzenberg J., Eds. pp. 251-280. Wiley, New York, 1995. (Reprint: 2300K PDF file)

The scavenging of nitrate by clouds and precipitation. Wurzler, S., Flossmann, A. I., Pruppacher, H. R. and Schwartz, S. E. J. Atmos. Chem. 20, 259-280 (1995).

1994

Sulfate over the North Atlantic and adjacent continental regions: Evaluation for October and November 1986 using a three-dimensional model driven by observation-derived meteorology. Benkovitz, C. M., Berkowitz, C. M., Easter, R. C., Nemesure, S., Wagener, R., and Schwartz, S. E. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 20725-20756 (1994). (Reprint: Large File Warning 124 Mbyte PDF file)

Climate forcing by gases and aerosols. Schwartz, S. E., Pure Appl. Chem.. 66, 178-187, (1994).

Quantifying and minimizing uncertainty of climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. Penner, J. E., Charlson, R. J., Laulainen, N., Leifer, R., Novakov, T., Ogren, J., Radke, L. F., Schwartz, S. E., and Travis, L. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 75, 375-400 (1994); Reply to comments, ibid., 2315-2316 (1994).

The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program: Programmatic background and design of the Cloud and Radiation Testbed. Stokes, G. M. and Schwartz, S. E., Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 75, 1201-1221 (1994).

Acid deposition: No such thing as a free launch. Schwartz, S. E. In The Environment--Global Problems, Local Solutions, Hickey J. E. and Longmire L. A., Eds., pp. 61-77. Greenwood Press, Westport CT, 1994.

Cloud studies seen from a physical chemist's perspective. Schwartz S. E. Proceedings of the Sixth European Symposium, Varese, Italy, 18-22 October, 1993 G. Angeletti and G. Restelli, Eds. Office of Official Publications of the European Commission, Luxembourg, Vol 2, pp. 891-900, 1994.

1993

Does fossil fuel combustion lead to global warming? Schwartz, S. E., Energy Internatl. J. 18, 1229-1248 (1993).

Seasonal, latitudinal, and secular variations in temperature trend: Evidence for influence of anthropogenic sulfate. Hunter, D. E., Schwartz, S. E., Wagener, R., and Benkovitz, C. M., Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 2455-2458 (1993).

1992

Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. Charlson R. J., Schwartz S. E., Hales J. M., Cess R. D., Coakley J. A., Jr., Hansen J. E. and Hofmann D. J. (1992) Science 255, 423-430 (1992).

Why is clean air clean? Schwartz, S. E. In Precipitation Scavenging and Atmosphere-Surface Exchange, Schwartz, S. E. and Slinn, W. G. N., Coord. Eds. Vol. 1, pp. 393-399. Hemisphere, Washington DC, 1992. (Reprint: 94 kbyte PDF file)

Factors Governing Dry Deposition of Gases to Surface Water Schwartz, S. E. In Precipitation Scavenging and Atmosphere-Surface Exchange, Schwartz, S. E. and Slinn, W. G. N., Coord. Eds. Vol. 2, pp. 789-801. Hemisphere, Washington DC, 1992.

1988

Are global cloud albedo and climate controlled by marine phytoplankton? Schwartz S. E. Nature 336, 441-445 (1988); doi:10.1038/336441a0 . Scientific correspondence: Sulphate aerosols and climate. ibid 340, 515-516 (1989).

1987

Efficient scavenging of aerosol sulfate by liquid-water clouds. Ten Brink H. M., Schwartz S. E. and Daum P. H. Atmos. Environ. 21, 2035-2052 (1987).

1986

Mass-transport considerations pertinent to aqueous-phase reactions of gases in liquid-water clouds. Schwartz, S. E. In Chemistry of Multiphase Atmospheric Systems, W. Jaeschke, Ed, pp. 415-471. Springer, Heidelberg, 1986. (Reprint: 2.1 Mbyte PDF file)

1981

Mass-transport limitation to the rate of reaction of gases in liquid droplets: Application to oxidation of SO₂ in aqueous solutions. Freiberg, J. E. and Schwartz, S. E., Atmos. Environ. 15, 1145-1154 (1981).

This paper was awarded the 2003 Haagen-Smit Award for an "outstanding paper" published in Atmospheric Environment.

Oxidation of SO₂ in aqueous droplets: Mass-transport limitation in laboratory studies and the ambient atmosphere. Schwartz, S. E. and Freiberg, J. E., Atmos. Environ. 15, 1129-1144 (1981).

LETTERS AND OTHER UNREFEREED PUBLICATIONS

Interactions of Climate Change and Air Quality: Research Priorities and New Directions. Jacob, D.J., W.F. Fitzgerald, J. Hansen, J.T. Kiehl, J.A. Logan, L.J. Mickley, J.E. Penner, R.G. Prinn, V. Ramanathan, S.T. Rao, S.E. Schwartz, and J.H. Seinfeld. EPRI report 1012169, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, 2005.

Changing the research climate. Schwartz, S. E. Chem. Eng. News 81 (51), 59 (December 22, 2003).

James P. Lodge, Jr.: A tribute to an editor. Schwartz, S. E. Atmos. Environ. 37, 1159-1160 (2003).

Uncertainty in Climate Models. Schwartz, S. E. Science 296, 2139-2140 (2002).

RECENT PRESENTATIONS

Viewgraphs, Posters, Long Abstracts may be downloaded as PDF files. Otherwise send an email to ses@bnl.gov indicating which item(s) you would like.

2008

Earth's Climate, the Greenhouse Effect, and Energy -- An Introduction. Schwartz S. E. College Mini-semester Program, Brookhaven National Laboratory, January 7, 2008.

2007

Inverse Calculation of Aerosol Forcing. Schwartz S. E. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December, 2007, A21H-01. Invited presentation.

The Role of Adiabaticity in the Aerosol First Indirect Effect. Kim B.-G., Miller M. A., Schwartz S. E., Liu Y., and Min Q. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December, 2007, A11A-0033, poster.

Climate Change: Certainties and Uncertainties. Schwartz S. E., Lindseth Lecture, Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, November 20, 2007.

Consider a Spherical Earth: What can we learn about climate change from energy balance models? Schwartz S. E., Earth and Atmospheric Science, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, November 19, 2007.

Climate change: Certainties and Uncertainties. Schwartz S. E., Long Island Forum for Technology, Melville NY, November 14, 2007.

Some Chilling Considerations About Global Warming. Schwartz S. E., HERA Lecture, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY, November 12, 2007.

Empirical determination of the heat capacity, time constant, and sensitivity of Earth's climate system. Schwartz S. E., Workshop on Past, Present and Future Climate Dynamics, Feedback Mechanisms, and Land-Atmosphere Interactions. Vuosaari (Helsinki) Finland, 22-23 October 2007.

Climate change. Schwartz S. E., 60^th Anniversary Symposium, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY, October 19, 2007.

Time Constant, Heat Capacity and Sensitivity of Earth's Climate System. Schwartz S. E., Aerosols, properties, processes and climate: Interdisciplinary Tropospheric Research--From the Laboratory to Global Change. Heraklion, Crete, Greece, April 21 - 25, 2007.

Time Constant, Heat Capacity and Sensitivity of Earth's Climate System. Schwartz S. E., Frontiers in Geoscience Colloquium, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, N. M. February 12, 2007.

2006

Empirical Determination of the Time Constant, Heat Capacity, and Sensitivity of Earth's Climate System. Schwartz S. E., American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December, 2006, OS42A-01.

Direct Aerosol Forcing: Calculation from Observables and Sensitivities to Inputs. McComiskey A., Schwartz S. E., Schmid B., Ricchiazzi P., Lewis E. R., Guan H. and Ogren J. A. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December, 2006, Poster, A13B-0916.

Sensitivity of Concentration of Accumulation-mode Aerosol Particles to the Representation of New Particle Formation and Particle Emissions in Chemical Transport Models. Chang L.-S., Wright D. L., Lewis E. R., McGraw R. and Schwartz S. E., American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December, 2006; Abstract A22A-07.

Heat capacity, time constant, and sensitivity of earth's climate system. Schwartz S. E., Second International Conference on Global Warming and the Next Ice Age. Santa Fe. NM July 17-19 (2006).

Sensitivity of Modeled Number Concentrations to the Representation of New Particle Formation and Particle Emissions in Chemical Transport Models. Chang L.-S., Wright D. L., Lewis E. R., Schwartz S. E. and McGraw R. S., Second Workshop on Formation and Growth of Atmospheric Aerosols, Monticello MN, September 8-9, 2006. Poster.

Chilling Considerations about Global Warming: Greenhouse Gases, Aerosols, Radiative Forcing, and Implications. Schwartz S. E., Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, The University at Albany, April 18, 2006.

2005

Aerosol Influences on Climate: Radiative Forcing and Beyond. Schwartz S. E., American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December, 2005. Symposium on Impacts of Clouds and Aerosols on Terrestrial Carbon and Hydrological Cycles. Abstract A32A-05. Invited presentation.

Aerosol Direct Radiative Effects Over the Northwest Atlantic, Northwest Pacific, and North Indian Oceans: Estimates Based on In-situ Chemical and Optical Measurements Chemical Transport Modeling. Bates T. S., Anderson T. L., Baynard T., Bond T., Boucher O., Carmichael G., Clarke A., Erlick C., Guo H., Horowitz L., Howell S., Kulkarni S., Maring H., McComiskey A., Middlebrook A., Noone K., O'Dowd C. D., Ogren J. A., Penner J., Quinn P. K., Ravishankara A. R., Savoie D. L., Schwartz S. E., Shinozuka Y., Tang Y., Weber R. J., Wu Y. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December, 2005. Abstract A51G-03.

Aerosol Direct Radiative Effects Over the Northwest Atlantic, Northwest Pacific, and North Indian Oceans: Estimates Based on In-Situ Chemical and Optical Measurements and Chemical Transport Modeling and Their Relation to Decision-Support Information. Ravishankara A., Bates T., Anderson T., Carmichael G., Clarke A., Erlick C., Horowitz L., Quinn P., Schwartz S. and Maring H. Climate Change Science Program Workshop: Climate Science in Support of Decision Making, 14-16 November 2005, Arlington VA. Poster P-GC1.11

Doing Something About the Climate: Greenhouse Gases, Aerosols, Radiative Forcing, and Implications. Schwartz S. E. Physics Colloquium, Brookhaven National Laboratory, November 8, 2005.

The DOE Atmospheric Science Program: Program Status and Meeting Outline & Objectives. Schwartz S. E., Atmospheric Science Program Annual Science Team Meeting (FY 2006), Alexandria VA, October 31 - November 1, 2005.

The Department of Energy's Atmospheric Science Program: Chemical and microphysical processes affecting atmospheric aerosols and their influences on atmospheric radiation and climate. Schwartz S. E. Gordon Research Conference, Atmospheric Chemistry, Big Sky MN, Sept 4-9, 2005. Poster.

The Department of Energy's Atmospheric Science Program: Chemical and microphysical processes affecting atmospheric aerosols and their influences on atmospheric radiation and climate. Schwartz S. E. ACCESS VIII: Atmospheric Chemistry Colloquium for Emerging Senior Scientists, Yellowstone National Park, Sept. 2- 4, 2005.

Aerosols: Non-CO₂ Non-Greenhouse Non-Gas Forcing. Schwartz S. E. American Geophysical Union Spring Meeting, New Orleans, May 23-27, 2005.

Aerosol radiative forcing: Why it is essential that this be quantified and how well it needs to be known. Schwartz S. E., Workshop on Interactions of Climate Change and Regional Air Quality. Electric Power Research Institute. Washington DC, April 26- 27, 2005. Invited presentation.

Radiative forcing of climate change by aerosols: Why this is important and how well it needs to be known. Schwartz S. E. Australian Aerosol Workshop, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, March 30 - April 1, 2005. Invited Presentation. (Viewgraphs: Large File Warning 9 Mbyte PDF file)

Aerosols Down Under: A Yank Looks at the Cleanhouse. Schwartz S. E. Australian Aerosol Workshop, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, March 30 - April 1, 2005. Invited Presentation. (Viewgraphs: Large File Warning 5 Mbyte PDF file)

Radius and refractive index of aqueous inorganic aerosol particles: Accurate approximations for dependence on relative humidity. Lewis E. and Schwartz S. E. 15th ARM Science Team Meeting. Daytona Beach FL. March 14-17, 2005.

Influence of Atmospheric Stability on the Cloud Drop Effective Radius Determined by Ground-based Remote Sensing. Kim B.-G., Miller M., Min Q. and Schwartz S. E. 15th ARM Science Team Meeting. Daytona Beach FL. March 14-17, 2005.

Direct Aerosol Forcing: Calculation from Observables and Sensitivities to Inputs. McComiskey A., Schwartz S. E., Ricchiazzi P., Ogren J., Michalsky J. and Lewis E. 15th ARM Science Team Meeting. Daytona Beach FL. March 14-17, 2005.

The DOE Atmospheric Science Program: Where we are and where we need to be going. Schwartz S. E. Department of Energy Atmospheric Science Program Annual Science Team Meeting, Charleston SC, Jan. 25-27, 2005.

Modeling Aerosol Processes in the DOE Atmospheric Science Program. Schwartz S., Wright D. and McGraw R. Department of Energy Atmospheric Science Program Annual Science Team Meeting, Charleston SC, Jan. 25-27, 2005.

2004

Sea Salt Aerosol Production: Parameterization and Uncertainty. Lewis E. R. and Schwartz S. E. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 13-17, 2004. Viewgraphs: PDF file.

Measuring the Unmeasurable: Why Measurements Alone Cannot Quantify Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change. Schwartz S. E. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 13-17, 2004. Viewgraphs: PDF file.

Aerosols and Climate Change: A Tutorial. Schwartz S. E., American Association for Aerosol Research, 23^rd Annual Conference, Atlanta, October 4, 2004. (Viewgraphs: Large File Warning 11 Mbyte PDF file).

Aerosols, Clouds, and Climate Change, Schwartz S. E., Plenary Lecture, 16th International Conference on Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, Kyoto, Japan, July 26-30, 2004. (Viewgraphs: Large File Warning 11 Mbyte PDF file).

Indirect effect: How large is it? S. E. Schwartz. Aspen Global Change Institute Conference: "Aerosols and the Hydrological Cycle", Aspen CO, July 11-17, 2004. (Viewgraphs: Large File Warning 4 Mbyte PDF file).

Seasalt aerosol particles: Counting angels on the head of a pin? S. E. Schwartz. Workshop "Towards a Universal Sea Spray Source Function", Skipton, UK, May 11-13, 2004. (Viewgraphs: Large File Warning 10 Mbyte PDF file).

Aerosols and Climate Change: Certainties and Uncertainties S. E. Schwartz. Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York NY, April 21, 2004. (Viewgraphs: Large File Warning 12 Mbyte PDF file).

Aerosol Radiative Influences at SGP. S. E. Schwartz. 14th ARM Science Team Meeting, Albuquerque NM, March 22-26, 2004.

ARM (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program) and ASP (Atmospheric Science Program). S. E. Schwartz. 14th ARM Science Team Meeting, Albuquerque NM, March 22-26, 2004.

Aerosols and Climate Change: Certainties and Uncertainties S. E. Schwartz. Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, Center for the Study of Global Change, Topics in Global Change seminar, Yale University, New Haven CT, March 1, 2004. (Viewgraphs: Large File Warning 11 Mbyte PDF file).

Aerosols and Climate Change: Certainties and Uncertainties S. E. Schwartz. National Space Science and Technology Center, University of Alabama, Huntsville, February 18, 2004. (Viewgraphs: Large File Warning 11 Mbyte PDF file).

Statistics--Definitions and Issues: Deriving "Unbiased Symmetric" Metrics. Yu S., Eder B., Dennis R., Chu S.-H. and Schwartz S. PM Model Performance Workshop 2004, Research Triangle Park, NC, Feb. 10-11, 2004.

2003

Modeling radiative forcing by aerosols: How good is good enough? S. E. Schwartz. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco CA, December 8-12, 2003.

Tropospheric aerosols: The wild card in radiative forcing of climate change. S. E. Schwartz. Symposium on the Chemistry of Global Climate Change. American Chemical Society, 226th National Meeting, New York, September 7 - 11, 2003. Invited presentation. (Viewgraphs: Large File Warning 9 Mbyte PDF file).

Aerosols and Climate Change: Certainties and Uncertainties S. E. Schwartz. Atmospheric Sciences Modeling Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 4, 2003. (Viewgraphs: Large File Warning 9 Mbyte PDF file).

Modeling Sulfate Chemistry on Hemispheric and Subhemispheric Scales: The Key, or the Key Under the Lamppost? S.E. Schwartz, Chemistry Seminar, Brookhaven National Laboratory, April 23, 2003.

Requirements for empirical determination of Earth's climate sensitivity. S. E. Schwartz. AAAS Annual Meeting, Denver CO, February 14-18, 2003.

2002

Cloud droplet effective radius derived from ground-based remote sensing at the ARM SGP and NSA sites. B.-G. Kim, S. E. Schwartz, M. A. Miller and Q. Min. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco CA, December 6-10, 2002.

Moment-based representation of sulfate aerosol in the eastern United States and comparison with observations. S. Yu, P. S. Kasibhatla, D. L. Wright, A. Deng R. McGraw, S. E. Schwartz, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco CA, December 6-10, 2002.

Essential directions for climate change research: Atmospheric composition and radiative forcing. S. E. Schwartz. U. S. Climate Change Science Program Planning Workshop for Scientists & Stakeholders, Washington DC, December 3-5, 2002.

Aerosols and Climate Change: Certainties and Uncertainties S. E. Schwartz. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, November 8, 2002.

Aerosols - The Colloids of the Atmosphere. Buseck P. R., and Schwartz S. E. 12th Annual VM Goldschmid Conference, Davos, Switzerland, August 18-23, 2002.

Influence of anthropogenic aerosol on cloud optical depth and albedo shown by satellite measurements and chemical transport modeling. Schwartz S. E., Harshvardhan, and Benkovitz C. M. 11th Conference on Atmospheric Radiation - 11th Conference on Cloud Physics, American Meteorological Society, June 2-7, 2002, Ogden Utah, Paper J2.6.

New developments in the moment-based representation of atmospheric aerosols. McGraw R., Wright D. L., and Schwartz S. E. American Geophysical Union, Spring Meeting, Washington May 28-31, 2002.

Moment-based representation of sulfate aerosol in the eastern United States and comparison with observations Yu S., P. S. Kasibhatla, D. L. Wright, S. E. Schwartz, R. McGraw, A. Deng. Prepared for DOE Atmospheric Sciences Program Meeting Albuquerque, NM 19-21 March 2002.

Climate and Climate Change: Certainties and Uncertainties Schwartz S. E., ISSA Lecture, Imperatore School of Sciences & Arts, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken NJ, March 4, 2002.

Historical perspective on heterogeneous gas-particle interaction. Schwartz S. E., Mass Accommodation Workshop, Billerica MA, February 25 - 28, 2002. Invited Presentation.

2001

Aerosol Influence on Cloud Optical Depth and Albedo Over the North Atlantic Shown by Satellite Measurements and Chemical Transport Modeling. Schwartz S. E., Benkovitz C. M. and Harshvardhan. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 10-14, 2001.

Size-Dependent Seasalt Aerosol Production Flux: A Critical Review. Lewis E. R. and Schwartz S. E. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 10-14, 2001.

Climate and Climate Change: Certainties and Uncertainties Schwartz S. E., Guest Lecture, Physics 313 CEI 544 "Mystery of Matter", SUNY Stony Brook, December 4, 2001.

Discrepancy in Aerosol Forcing of Diffuse Downwelling Shortwave Irradiance. Schwartz S. E. and Halthore R. N., Chapman Conference on Atmospheric Absorption of Solar Radiation, Estes Park, CO, August 13-17, 2001.

Aerosols and climate--The scientific basis. Schwartz S. E., Workshop on Climate Change Impacts and Integrated Assessment, Snowmass, CO, July 30 - August 8, 2001 (Viewgraphs: Large File Warning 6.4 Mbyte PDF file).

Aerosol influence on cloud optical depth and albedo over the North Atlantic shown by satellite measurements and chemical transport modeling. Schwartz S. E., Benkovitz C.M., and Harshvardhan. Workshop on Photooxidants, Particles, and Haze across the Arctic and North Atlantic: Transport Observations and Models, Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York, June 12-15, 2001.

Representing aerosol dynamics and properties in atmospheric chemical transport models by the method of moments. Schwartz S. E., McGraw R., Benkovitz C. M. and Wright D. L. Symposium on Environmental Chemistry in Multiphasic Systems in Honor of Michael R. Hoffmann, Recipient of ACS Award for Creative Advances in Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical Society 221st National Meeting, San Diego CA, April 1-5, 2001, Division of Environmental Chemistry.

The influence of cut-off lows on sulfate burdens over the North Atlantic during April, 1987. Benkovitz C. M., Miller M. A., Schwartz S. E. and Kwon O-U. Millennium Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry, American Meteorological Society 81st Annual Meeting, Albuquerque, NM January 14-19, 2001.

An investigation of the effect of sulfate on cloud microphysics using a chemistry/transport model. Harshvardhan, Wei D., Green R., Schwartz S. and Benkovitz C. Millennium Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry, American Meteorological Society 81st Annual Meeting, Albuquerque, NM January 14-19, 2001.

2000

Effects of Sulfur Emissions from Popocatepetl Volcano on the Central U.S. in June 1997. Benkovitz C. M., Miller M. A., Schwartz S. E., and Easter R. E.. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 15-19, 2000.

Particles of Difference. Schwartz, S. E. Air Quality II. McLean VA, September 19-21, 2000.

Aerosol Direct Forcing--Observational Perspective. Schwartz S. E. Workshop On Monitoring Global Aerosol Forcing of Climate: Evaluating requirements for satellite monitoring, ground-based monitoring, in-situ measurements and global modeling. GFDL-NOAA. Princeton NJ. September 13-14, 2000.

Physical-Chemical Processes of Cloud Activation studied with a Desktop Cloud Model. Schwartz S. E. 6th International Conference on Air-Surface Exchange of Gases and Particles, Edinburgh, July 3-7, 2000.

Kinetics of Cloud Droplet Activation. Schwartz S. E. American Chemical Society, 219th National Meeting, San Francisco CA, March 26-30, 2000. Paper PHYS-223.

Aerosols and ARM. Schwartz S. E. Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Annual Meeting, San Antonio TX, March 13-16, 2000. (Viewgraphs: PDF file)

Measurement of Aerosol Shortwave Direct Forcing at the ARM SGP Site. Schwartz S. E. and Halthore R. N. Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Annual Meeting, San Antonio TX, March 13-16, 2000. (Poster: PDF file)

SELECTED OLDER PRESENTATIONS

1999

The Department of Energy's Tropospheric Aerosol Program (TAP): An Examination of Aerosol Processes and Properties. Schwartz S. E. and Lunn, P. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, December 13-17, 1999, San Francisco. Paper A12C-12. Abstract: Eos Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 80(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., F149 (1999). (Viewgraphs: Large File Warning 9.4 Mbyte PDF file)

Hemispheric-Scale Chemical and Microphysical Aerosol Model. Schwartz S. E., Benkovitz C. M., McGraw R. L. and D. L. Wright, Jr. Department of Energy Atmospheric Chemistry Program Annual Science Meeting, Alexandria VA, 30 Nov. - 2 Dec. 1999. (Viewgraphs: Large File Warning 9.4 Mbyte PDF file)

Simulating sulfur for the ACE-2 experiment: Preliminary results. Benkovitz C. M., Schwartz, S. E., Mubaraki M. A., Miller M. A., and Bates T. S. Sixth Scientific Conference of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project (IGAC), September 13-17, 1999, Bologna, Italy.

Representing Aerosols in Global Models: From Micrometers to Megameters. Schwartz, S. E. International Conference and Workshops: Aerosols, Radiation budget, Land surfaces, Ocean colour. Meribel, France, 18-22 January, 1999.

1998

Role of aerosols in radiative forcing of climate change: Global mean and uncertainties. Schwartz, S. E. Global Atmosphere Watch Conference on Ozone, Radiation and Aerosols in the Atmosphere. Zurich, October 14-15, 1998.

Aerosols: Whipping Boy, Monkey Wrench, or Knob? Schwartz, S. E. Gordon Research Conference, Solar Radiation and Climate. Plymouth, NH, June 14-19, 1998.

Diffuse-Sky Downward Irradiance (DFDI) At Surface In Cloud Free Atmospheres - A Closure Experiment. Halthore R. N., Nemesure S., Schwartz S. E., Imre D. G., Berk A., Dutton E. G., and Bergin M. H. 8th Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting, Tucson, AZ, Mar. 23-26, 1998.

Correlated short term fluctuations in aerosol optical thickness and shortwave radiative quantities. Schwartz S. E. 8th Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting, Tucson, AZ, Mar. 23-26, 1998.

Effect of Absorbing Aerosol on Shortwave Radiative Forcing of Climate. Nemesure S. and Schwartz S. E. 8th Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting, Tucson, AZ, Mar. 23-26, 1998.

Intercomparison of Radiation Transfer Models Representing Direct Shortwave Forcing by Sulfate Aerosols. Schwartz S. E. 8th Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting, Tucson, AZ, Mar. 23-26, 1998.

Turnover times and mean heights of modeled sulfate and SO2 over the North Atlantic and adjacent continental regions. Schwartz S. E. and Benkovitz C. M. 8th Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting, Tucson, AZ, Mar. 23-26, 1998.

Radiative forcing of climate change by anthropogenic aerosols. Schwartz S. E. Euroclivar Workshop Attribution: Beyond discernible? Bracknell U.K.March 9-12, 1998; Report Eucliv-10, S. Tett, J. Mitchell, K. Hasselmann, and G. Komen, eds., de Bilt, Netherlands, 1998, p. 21.

1997

Grains of salts: Influence of anthropogenic aerosols on climate. Schwartz S. E. Amer. Assoc. for Aerosol Research. Denver, October, 1997.

The Whitehouse Effect: Climatic Effects of Anthropogenic Aerosols. Schwartz S. E. Frances S. Sterrett Environmental Chemistry Symposium on Global Change, American Chemical Society, New York Section, Hempstead NY, May 22, 1997.

Aerosol sulfate loading and shortwave direct radiative forcing over the North Atlantic Ocean. Nemesure, S., Benkovitz, C. M., and Schwartz, S. E. 7th Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting, San Antonio, TX, Mar. 3-7, 1997.

Prediction and Measurement of Direct-Normal Solar Irradiance: A Closure Experiment. Halthore, R. N., S. E. Schwartz, J. J. Michalsky, G. P. Anderson, R. A. Ferrare, B. N. Holben, H. M. Ten Brink. 7th Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting, San Antonio, TX, Mar. 3-7, 1997.

Aerosol dynamics by the quadrature method of moments. McGraw R. and Schwartz, S. E. Workshop: Techniques and problems in modeling size-distributed aerosol formation and composition, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, March, 1997.

Specification of Aerosols. Schwartz, S. E. ARM Science Team Meeting, San Antonio, TX, March 3-7, 1997. (Viewgraphs: 3.6 Mbyte PDF file)

1996

Search for climate response to aerosol forcing in temperature anomaly trends. Schwartz S. E. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Dec. 15-19, 1996, paper U41A-21. Abstract: Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 77, (No. 46, Supplement) F45 (1996); poster.

The influence of a cut-off low pressure system on sulfate burdens over the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Benkovitz C. M., Miller M. A. and Schwartz S. E. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Dec. 15-19, 1996, paper A31E-05. Abstract: Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 77, (No. 46, Supplement) F103 (1996).

A Closure Experiment: Prediction and Measurement of Direct-Normal Solar Irradiance at the ARM Site. R. N. Halthore, S. E. Schwartz, J. J. Michalsky, M. H. Bergin, R. A. Ferrare, B. N. Holben, and H. M. ten Brink. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Dec. 15-19, 1996, Paper A11C-12. Abstract: Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 77, (No. 46, Supplement) F74 (1996). (Viewgraphs: 160 Kbyte PDF file)

Estimating aerosol optical depth using ground based nephelometer measurements at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) site. Bergin M. H., Ogren J. A., Halthore R. N. and Schwartz S. E. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Dec. 15-19, 1996, paper A11C-11. Abstract: Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 77, (No. 46, Supplement) F74 (1996).

Representing aerosol microphysics in hemispheric-scale chemical transport and transformation models. McGraw R., Benkovitz C. M., and Schwartz S. E.. DOE OHER Atmospheric Chemistry Program Annual Meeting, November 19-21, 1996. (Viewgraphs: 1.4 Mbyte PDF file)

Description of atmospheric aerosol dynamics by the quadrature method of moments. McGraw R. and Schwartz S. E. European Aerosol Conference 1996, Delft, Netherlands, September 9-12, 1996. (Viewgraphs: 500 kbyte PDF file)

Cloud Droplet Nucleation and its Connection to Aerosol Properties. Schwartz, S. E. In Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols 1996. Proc. 14th Int. Conf. Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols (Helsinki, August 26-30, 1996) M. Kulmala and P. E. Wagner, Eds. Elsevier Science, Ltd. Oxford, UK. pp 770-779.

1995

Implications of uncertainties in IPCC estimates of radiative forcing. Schwartz, S. E. DOE OHER Atmospheric Chemistry Program Annual Meeting, December 5-7, 1995. (Viewgraphs: 180 kbyte PDF file)

DOE research on atmospheric aerosols. Schwartz, S. E. NASA Aerosol Interdisciplinary Program Workshop, October 30-November 1, 1995. (Viewgraphs: 100 kbyte PDF file)

RECENT POPULAR PRESENTATIONS

The Greenhouse Effect and Your Family's Contribution to it. S. E. Schwartz. Earth Week 2007, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Upton NY, April 17, 2007. (Viewgraphs: 11 Mbyte PDF file).

Climate Change: A Defining Issue for Our Age, S. E. Schwartz. New York University Graduate School of Journalism: Science, Health and Environmental Reporting Program (SHERP). Upton NY, September 29, 2006. (Viewgraphs: 6 Mbyte PDF file).

Global Warming, the Greenhouse Effect and your Family's Contribution. S. E. Schwartz. Summer Sundays, Brookhaven National Laboratory, August 13, 2006. (Viewgraphs: 11 Mbyte PDF file).

The Greenhouse Effect and your Family's Contribution to it. S. E. Schwartz. The Greens Mens Group, Half Hollow Hills Library, Dix Hills, N. Y., June 6, 2006. (Viewgraphs: 11 Mbyte PDF file).

The Greenhouse Effect and your Family's Contribution to it. S. E. Schwartz. Falconer Natural History Lecture Series, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, April 18, 2006. (Viewgraphs: 19 Mbyte PDF file).

Chilling Considerations about Global Warming. S. E. Schwartz. Ethical Society of Suffolk, Smithtown NY, April 2, 2006. (Viewgraphs: 4 Mbyte PDF file).

The Greenhouse Effect and your Family's Contribution to it. S. E. Schwartz. Rotary Club of Patchogue, Patchogue NY, November 9, 2005. (Viewgraphs: 4 Mbyte PDF file).

The Greenhouse Effect S. E. Schwartz. CSSP Lecture, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 27 July 2005.

The Greenhouse Effect and your family's contribution to it. S. E. Schwartz. Stony Brook University Roundtable, Stony Brook NY, March 3, 2005. (Viewgraphs: 4 Mbyte PDF file).

The Greenhouse Effect S. E. Schwartz. Center Moriches High School Science Honor Society, Center Moriches NY, February 3, 2005. (Viewgraphs: 2 Mbyte PDF file).

Climate and climate change: Scientific background for informed decision-making. S. E. Schwartz. League of Women Voters of Brookhaven Town, Annual U.N. International Dinner, Oldfield NY, October 22, 2004. (Viewgraphs: Large File Warning 5 Mbyte PDF file).

Global warming, the greenhouse effect, and your family's contribution to it. S. E. Schwartz. Westhampton Beach High School, Westhampton Beach NY, September 22, 2004. (Viewgraphs: Large File Warning 3 Mbyte PDF file).

Global warming, the greenhouse effect, and your family's contribution to it. S. E. Schwartz. Science Club of Long Island, Stony Brook NY, September 14, 2004. (Viewgraphs: Large File Warning 9 Mbyte PDF file).

Climate: What we are doing to it and what we are doing to understand it. S. E. Schwartz. Brookhaven National Laboratory Management Council, April 20, 2004.

The Greenhouse Effect. S. E. Schwartz. League of Women Voters of Brookhaven Town, March 31, 2004.

Is the climate really changing? Scientific evidence regarding global warming. S. E. Schwartz, The Gatesworth, University City Mo., May 23, 2003.

The Greenhouse Effect S. E. Schwartz. CSSP Lecture, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 30 July 2002.

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